Life in the Ocean Study Guide
1) What is Biodiversity? What 4 elements make up 99% of all species?Biodiversity is the variety of life in the world or in an particular habitat or ecosystem.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are the four elements that make up 99% of all species.
2) What is photosynthesis?
The energy from sunlight.
3) Describe the flow of energy through systems. What is the main storage molecule of energy in animals?The flow energy through living systems. At each step, energy is degraded (that is transformed into a less useful form.) Carbohydrates are the main storage molecule of energy in animals.
4) What is chemosynthesis? What source of energy is used instead of sunlight?Chemosynthesis is made of molecules of oxygen and any molecules of hydrogen, sulfide is used to form glucose. The source used instead of sunlight is hydrogen sulfide.
5) What is primary productivity a measure of?It is measured in grams of carbon bound into carbohydrates per square
6) Looking at the map of productivity around the world-Discuss what you see:
Why is productivity higher than near the coasts of continents than in the poles?
Define the following:
Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food, also called producers.
Heterotrophs: Organisms that must consume other organisms for energy.
Trophic pyramid: A model that describes who eats whom.
Primary Consumers: These organisms eat primary consumers.
Top Consumers: The top of the trophic pyramid.
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen are the four elements that make up 99% of all species.
2) What is photosynthesis?
The energy from sunlight.
3) Describe the flow of energy through systems. What is the main storage molecule of energy in animals?The flow energy through living systems. At each step, energy is degraded (that is transformed into a less useful form.) Carbohydrates are the main storage molecule of energy in animals.
4) What is chemosynthesis? What source of energy is used instead of sunlight?Chemosynthesis is made of molecules of oxygen and any molecules of hydrogen, sulfide is used to form glucose. The source used instead of sunlight is hydrogen sulfide.
5) What is primary productivity a measure of?It is measured in grams of carbon bound into carbohydrates per square
6) Looking at the map of productivity around the world-Discuss what you see:
Why is productivity higher than near the coasts of continents than in the poles?
Define the following:
Autotrophs: Organisms that make their own food, also called producers.
Heterotrophs: Organisms that must consume other organisms for energy.
Trophic pyramid: A model that describes who eats whom.
Primary Consumers: These organisms eat primary consumers.
Top Consumers: The top of the trophic pyramid.
7) In a food web, what do the arrows represent?
The arrows represent the flow of energy.
8) What are some atoms and molecules that cycle in biogeochemical cycles?
Carbon, nitrogen, phospherous, silicon, iron, and trace metals.
The arrows represent the flow of energy.
8) What are some atoms and molecules that cycle in biogeochemical cycles?
Carbon, nitrogen, phospherous, silicon, iron, and trace metals.
12) What is a limiting factor in ecosystems?
A limiting factor is found in the environment that can be harmful if present in quantities that are too large or too small. Any factor required for life can become a limiting factor.
13) What are the most important physical factors for marine organisms?
Light
Dissolved Gases
Temperature
Acid-Base Balance
Salinity
Hydrostatic Pressure
Dissolved Nutrients
14) What are some biological factors that affect ocean organisms?
Feeding relationships
Crowding
Metabolic Wastes
Defense of territory
15) Define the following:
Euphotic-Most of the biological productivity of the ocean occurs in an area near the surface.
Disphotic- Below the euphotic zone.
Aphotic-Below the disphotic zone, the vast bulk of the ocean where sunlight never reaches.
16) Define the following nutrient transports:
Diffusion: Mixing due to random molecular movements.
Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a membrane.
Active Transport: Transport of a substance against a concentration gradient. Active gradient requires energy input.
17) What are the major zones of the ocean?
18) What is natural selection?
Evolution occurs through the process of natural selection.
19) Who was Carolus Linnaeus? What did he do?
He was the first to use a system of natural classification. He developed a classification system based on hierarchy and also developed scientific names for organisms.
20) What is taxonomy?
The study of biological classification.
21) What are the 6 kingdoms and how are they further divided?
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Protistia
Archaea
Bacteria
A limiting factor is found in the environment that can be harmful if present in quantities that are too large or too small. Any factor required for life can become a limiting factor.
13) What are the most important physical factors for marine organisms?
Light
Dissolved Gases
Temperature
Acid-Base Balance
Salinity
Hydrostatic Pressure
Dissolved Nutrients
14) What are some biological factors that affect ocean organisms?
Feeding relationships
Crowding
Metabolic Wastes
Defense of territory
15) Define the following:
Euphotic-Most of the biological productivity of the ocean occurs in an area near the surface.
Disphotic- Below the euphotic zone.
Aphotic-Below the disphotic zone, the vast bulk of the ocean where sunlight never reaches.
16) Define the following nutrient transports:
Diffusion: Mixing due to random molecular movements.
Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a membrane.
Active Transport: Transport of a substance against a concentration gradient. Active gradient requires energy input.
17) What are the major zones of the ocean?
18) What is natural selection?
Evolution occurs through the process of natural selection.
19) Who was Carolus Linnaeus? What did he do?
He was the first to use a system of natural classification. He developed a classification system based on hierarchy and also developed scientific names for organisms.
20) What is taxonomy?
The study of biological classification.
21) What are the 6 kingdoms and how are they further divided?
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Protistia
Archaea
Bacteria